วันอังคารที่ 30 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2551

┐└ ┘∟ ...GAT PAT... └ ┘∟「

... GAT PAT ...

ระบบสอบเข้ามหาวิทยาลัย ปี 2553 เนื่องจากสำนักทดสอบทางการศึกษาแห่งชาติ (สทศ.) เปิดเผยถึงการจัดสอบความถนัดทั่วไป (General Aptitude Test หรือ GAT) และความถนัดเฉพาะด้าน/วิชาการ (Professional Aptitude Test หรือ PAT) เพื่อใช้เป็นคะแนนในการนำไปสอบระบบกลางการรับนิสิต นักศึกษา หรือแอดมิชชั่นส์กลางว่า ตามที่ประชุมอธิการบดีแห่งประเทศไทย (ทปอ.) มีมติว่าการสอบแอดมิชชั่นส์ปี 2553 นั้นจะใช้ส่วนคะแนนดังนี้1.ปี 2553 ทปอ. จะใช้องค์ประกอบต่อไปนี้ในการยื่น คะแนนเข้ามหาวิทยาลัย

1) GPAX 6 ภาคเรียน 20 %
2) O-NET (8 กลุ่มสาระ) 30 %
3) GAT 10-50 %
4) PAT 0-40 %รวม 100 %

หมายเหตุ
1. GPAX คือ ผลการเรียนเฉลี่ย สะสม 6 ภาคเรียนทุกกลุ่มสาระการเรียน รู้
2. GAT คือ General Aptitude Test ความถนัดทั่วไป
3. PAT คือ Professional Aptitude Test ความถนัดเฉพาะ วิชาชีพ2.รายละเอียดเกี่ยว
กับ GAT

2.รายละเอียดเกี่ยว กับ GAT

1. เนื้อหา
- การอ่าน เขียน คิดวิเคราะห์และการแก้โจทย์ ปัญหา(ทาง คณิตศาสตร์) 50%
- การสื่อสารด้วยภาษา อังกฤษ 50%
2. ลักษณะข้อสอบ GAT จะเป็นปรนัย และอัตนัย
- คะแนนเต็ม 200 คะแนน เวลาสอบ 2 ชั่วโมง
- ข้อสอบ เน้น Content Free และ Fair
- เน้นความซับ ซ้อน (Complexity) มากกว่า ความยาก - มีการออกข้อสอบเก็บไว้เป็น
คลังข้อ สอบ
3. จัดสอบปีละหลายครั้ง
- คะแนนใช้ได้ 2 ปี เลือกใช้คะแนนที่ดีที่สุด (จะสอบ ตั้งแต่ม. 4 ก็ได้)

3. รายละเอียดเกี่ยว กับ PAT

PAT มี 6 ชุด คือ
PAT 1 วัดศักยภาพทางคณิตศาสตร์ เนื้อหา เช่น Algebra, Probability and Statistics, Conversion,Geometry, Trigonometry,Calculus ฯลฯ ลักษณะข้อสอบ Perceptual Ability, Calculation skills, Quantitative Reasoning, Math Reading Skills

PAT 2 วัดศักยภาพทางวิทยาศาสตร์ เนื้อหา ชีววิทยา, เคมี, ฟิสิกส์, Earth Sciences, environment, ICT ฯลฯ ลักษณะข้อสอบ Perceptual Ability, Sciences Reading Ability,Science Problem Solving Ability ฯลฯ

PAT 3 วัดศักยภาพทางวิศวกรรม ศาสตร์ เนื้อหา เช่น Engineering Mathematics, EngineeringSciences,Life Sciences, IT ฯลฯ ลักษณะข้อสอบ Engineering Aptitude i.e. Multidimensional Perceptual Ability, Calculation Skills, Engineering Reading Ability, Engineering Problem Solving Ability

PAT 4 วัดศักยภาพทางสถาปัตยกรรมศาสตร์ เนื้อหา เช่น Architectural Math and Science ฯลฯ ลักษณะข้อสอบ Space Relations, Multidimensional Perceptual Ability, Architectural Problem Solving Ability ฯลฯ

PAT 5 วัดศักยภาพทาง ครุศาสตร์/ ศึกษาศาสตร์ เนื้อหา ความรู้ในเนื้อหาภาษา ไทย คณิตศาสตร์ วิทยาศาสตร์ สังคม วิทยา มานุษยวิทยา สุขศึกษา ศิลปะ สิ่งแวดล้อม ฯลฯ
ลักษณะข้อสอบ ครุ ศึกษา (Pedagogy), ทักษะการอ่าน (Reading Skills),ความรู้ทั่วไปเกี่ยว กับการศึกษาของประเทศไทย การแก้ปัญหาที่เกิดจากนัก เรียน ครู ผู้บริหารโรงเรียน ฯลฯ

PAT 6 วัดศักยภาพทางศิลปกรรมศาสตร์ เนื้อหา เช่น ทฤษฎีศิลปะ (ทัศนศิลป์ ดนตรี นาฏศิลป์) ความรู้ทั่วไปทาง ศิลป์ ฯลฯ

PAT 7 วัดความถนัดทางภาษาต่างประเทศ

วันอาทิตย์ที่ 28 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2551

╬ ╠ ╣∷Snow White∷ ╬ ╠ ╣



The Story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarves






Grimm's Fairy Tale version - translated by Margaret Hunt - language modernized a bit by Leanne Guenther
Once upon a time, long, long ago a king and queen ruled over a distant land. The queen was kind and lovely and all the people of the realm adored her. The only sadness in the queen's life was that she wished for a child but did not have one.
One winter day, the queen was doing needle work while gazing out her ebony window at the new fallen snow. A bird flew by the window startling the queen and she pricked her finger. A single drop of blood fell on the snow outside her window. As she looked at the blood on the snow she said to herself, "Oh, how I wish that I had a daughter that had skin as white as snow, lips as red as blood, and hair as black as ebony."
Soon after that, the kind queen got her wish when she gave birth to a baby girl who had skin white as snow, lips red as blood, and hair black as ebony. They named the baby princess Snow White, but sadly, the queen died after giving birth to Snow White.
Soon after, the king married a new woman who was beautiful, but as well proud and cruel. She had studied dark magic and owned a magic mirror, of which she would daily ask,
Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fairest of them all?.
Each time this question was asked, the mirror would give the same answer, "Thou, O Queen, art the fairest of all." This pleased the queen greatly as she knew that her magical mirror could speak nothing but the truth.
One morning when the queen asked, "Mirror, mirror on the wall, who's the fairest of them all?" she was shocked when it answered:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.But Snow White is even fairer than you.
The Queen flew into a jealous rage and ordered her huntsman to take Snow White into the woods to be killed. She demanded that the huntsman return with Snow White's heart as proof.
The poor huntsman took Snow White into the forest, but found himself unable to kill the girl. Instead, he let her go, and brought the queen the heart of a wild boar.
Snow White was now all alone in the great forest, and she did not know what to do. The trees seemed to whisper to each other, scaring Snow White who began to run. She ran over sharp stones and through thorns. She ran as far as her feet could carry her, and just as evening was about to fall she saw a little house and went inside in order to rest.
Inside the house everything was small but tidy. There was a little table with a tidy, white tablecloth and seven little plates. Against the wall there were seven little beds, all in a row and covered with quilts.
Because she was so hungry Snow White ate a few vegetables and a little bread from each little plate and from each cup she drank a bit of milk. Afterward, because she was so tired, she lay down on one of the little beds and fell fast asleep.
After dark, the owners of the house returned home. They were the seven dwarves who mined for gold in the mountains. As soon as they arrived home, they saw that someone had been there -- for not everything was in the same order as they had left it.
The first one said, "Who has been sitting in my chair?"
The second one, "Who has been eating from my plate?"
The third one, "Who has been eating my bread?"
The fourth one, "Who has been eating my vegetables?"
The fifth one, "Who has been eating with my fork?"
The sixth one, "Who has been drinking from my cup?"
But the seventh one, looking at his bed, found Snow White lying there asleep. The seven dwarves all came running up, and they cried out with amazement. They fetched their seven candles and shone the light on Snow White.
"Oh good heaven! " they cried. "This child is beautiful!"
They were so happy that they did not wake her up, but let her continue to sleep in the bed. The next morning Snow White woke up, and when she saw the seven dwarves she was frightened. But they were friendly and asked, "What is your name?"
"My name is Snow White," she answered.
"How did you find your way to our house?" the dwarves asked further.
Then she told them that her stepmother had tried to kill her, that the huntsman had spared her life, and that she had run the entire day through the forest, finally stumbling upon their house.
The dwarves spoke with each other for awhile and then said, "If you will keep house for us, and cook, make beds, wash, sew, and knit, and keep everything clean and orderly, then you can stay with us, and you shall have everything that you want."
"Yes," said Snow White, "with all my heart." For Snow White greatly enjoyed keeping a tidy home.
So Snow White lived happily with the dwarves. Every morning they went into the mountains looking for gold, and in the evening when they came back home Snow White had their meal ready and their house tidy. During the day the girl was alone, except for the small animals of the forest that she often played with.
Now the queen, believing that she had eaten Snow White's heart, could only think that she was again the first and the most beautiful woman of all. She stepped before her mirror and said:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,Who in this land is fairest of all?
It answered:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.But Snow White, beyond the mountainsWith the seven dwarves,Is still a thousand times fairer than you.
This startled the queen, for she knew that the mirror did not lie, and she realized that the huntsman had deceived her and that Snow White was still alive. Then she thought, and thought again, how she could rid herself of Snow White -- for as long as long as she was not the most beautiful woman in the entire land her jealousy would give her no rest.
At last she thought of something. She went into her most secret room -- no one else was allowed inside -- and she made a poisoned apple. From the outside it was beautiful, and anyone who saw it would want it. But anyone who might eat a little piece of it would died. Coloring her face, she disguised herself as an old peddler woman, so that no one would recognize her, traveled to the dwarves house and knocked on the door.
Snow White put her head out of the window, and said, "I must not let anyone in; the seven dwarves have forbidden me to do so."
"That is all right with me," answered the peddler woman. "I'll easily get rid of my apples. Here, I'll give you one of them."
"No," said Snow White, "I cannot accept anything from strangers."
"Are you afraid of poison?" asked the old woman. "Look, I'll cut the apple in two. You eat half and I shall eat half."
Now the apple had been so artfully made that only the one half was poisoned. Snow White longed for the beautiful apple, and when she saw that the peddler woman was eating part of it she could no longer resist, and she stuck her hand out and took the poisoned half. She barely had a bite in her mouth when she fell to the ground dead.
The queen looked at her with an evil stare, laughed loudly, and said, "White as snow, red as blood, black as ebony wood! The dwarves shall never awaken you."
Back at home she asked her mirror:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,Who in this land is fairest of all?
It finally answered:
You, my queen, are fairest of all.
Then her cruel and jealous heart was at rest, as well as a cruel and jealous heart can be at rest.
When the dwarves came home that evening they found Snow White lying on the ground. She was not breathing at all. She was dead. They lifted her up and looked at her longingly. They talked to her, shook her and wept over her. But nothing helped. The dear child was dead, and she remained dead. They laid her on a bed of straw, and all seven sat next to her and mourned for her and cried for three days. They were going to bury her, but she still looked as fresh as a living person, and still had her beautiful red cheeks.
They said, "We cannot bury her in the black earth," and they had a transparent glass coffin made, so she could be seen from all sides. They laid her inside, and with golden letters wrote on it her name, and that she was a princess. Then they put the coffin outside on a mountain, and one of them always stayed with it and watched over her. The animals too came and mourned for Snow White, first an owl, then a raven, and finally a dove.
Now it came to pass that a prince entered these woods and happened onto the dwarves' house, where he sought shelter for the night . He saw the coffin on the mountain with beautiful Snow White in it, and he read what was written on it with golden letters.
Then he said to the dwarves, "Let me have the coffin. I will give you anything you want for it."
But the dwarves answered, "We will not sell it for all the gold in the world."
Then he said, "Then give it to me, for I cannot live without being able to see Snow White. I will honor her and respect her as my most cherished one."
As he thus spoke, the good dwarves felt pity for him and gave him the coffin. The prince had his servants carry it away on their shoulders. But then it happened that one of them stumbled on some brush, and this dislodged from Snow White's throat the piece of poisoned apple that she had bitten off. Not long afterward she opened her eyes, lifted the lid from her coffin, sat up, and was alive again.
"Good heavens, where am I?" she cried out.
The prince said joyfully, "You are with me." He told her what had happened, and then said, "I love you more than anything else in the world. Come with me to my father's castle. You shall become my wife." Snow White loved him, and she went with him. Their wedding was planned with great splendor and majesty.
Snow White's wicked step-mother was invited to the feast, and when she had arrayed herself in her most beautiful garments, she stood before her mirror, and said:
Mirror, mirror, on the wall,Who in this land is fairest of all? The mirror answered:
You, my queen, are fair; it is true.But the young queen is a thousand times fairer than you.
Not knowing that this new queen was indeed her stepdaughter, she arrived at the wedding, and her heart filled with the deepest of dread when she realized the truth - the evil queen was banished from the land forever and the prince and Snow White lived happily ever after.



วันจันทร์ที่ 22 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2551

Un pain long et mince (Une baguette)

Une baguette de pain ou simplement baguette, ou encore pain français (québécisme et belgicisme) est une variété de pain, reconnaissable à sa forme allongée. Cette forme de pain est emblématique de la France.
P r é s e n t a t i o n
Une baguette standard est large d'environ 5 à 6 cm, haute d'environ 3 à 4 cm et longue d'environ 65 centimètres. Les différentes sortes de pains sont caractérisées entre autres par leur poids. Celui de la baguette est d'environ 250 grammes.
La croûte des baguettes est très croustillante et dorée, tandis que l'intérieur, la mie, est blanche et moelleuse. En principe, elle reprend sa forme si on la presse. C'est un critère pour savoir si le pain est de qualité.
Dans le monde, la baguette est un des symboles typiques de la France et plus particulièrement de Paris. Au même titre que le vin, le béret ou le fromage, elle est devenue un symbole alors même qu'il existe d'autres variétés de pains en France et que les baguettes se trouvent aujourd'hui dans tous les pays.


O r i g i n e
On raconte qu'elle doit son origine aux campagnes napoléoniennes : les pains étaient jusqu'alors ronds pour une meilleure conservation. Cette forme aurait été inventée par les boulangers de Napoléon afin de rendre le pain plus facilement transportable par les soldats, dans une poche de leur pantalon, le long de la jambe. Toutefois, un examen de portraits d'époque des soldats de l'Empire, ou des uniformes qui nous sont parvenus suffit à démontrer qu'un tel mode de transport aurait été complètement impraticable. La baguette aurait gêné le soldat pendant sa journée de marche et elle aurait probablement été en mauvais état à l'arrivée.
Une autre théorie veut que ce style de pain ait été inventé à Vienne et importé en France pendant le XIXe siècle. La baguette se serait développée à Paris dans les années 1920, du fait qu'elle nécessitait un temps de levage et de cuisson moindre que les pains traditionnels. En effet, ce serait à la suite d'une loi interdisant aux boulangers le travail avant 4 heures du matin, ce qui ne laissait pas le temps de préparer la boule traditionnelle. On manque également de preuves sur cette version.


Uage et variantes
Des baguettes courtes sont parfois utilisées pour faire des sandwichs, appelés « demi-baguettes ». On peut également servir une baguette courte avec du pâté ou un fromage.
En France, il n'est pas rare de tartiner au petit déjeuner une baguette de pain avec du beurre et de la confiture, voire de tremper la tartine ainsi préparée dans un bol de café ou de chocolat.
Différents pains allongés ne sont pas toujours des baguettes : le pain est un peu plus sphérique. Plus étiré, c'est une ficelle.
En France, seuls les produits contenant les quatre ingrédients du pain (eau, farine, levain et sel) peuvent être appelés « pain ».
Dans la région lyonnaise, l'usage des noms est différent : on parle de "flûte" pour désigner la baguette, et de "baguette" pour désigner la ficelle (laquelle peut aussi être désignée ainsi).


F a b r i c a t i o n
Les baguettes sont fabriquées à partir d'une pâte à pain fortement hydratée (qui contient beaucoup d'eau) à base de farine, de sel et de levain. On peut y trouver de la levure en complément ou à la place du levain. Cette pâte est beaucoup travaillée par des rabats puis des tours. C'est ce travail qui donne à baguette une texture légère et aérée. Les traits présents sur le pain permettent une meilleure cuisson.
En France depuis le décret 93-1074 du 13 septembre 1993, l'appellation « baguette de tradition française » répond à une définition stricte[1] précisée par le décret no 97-917 du 1er octobre 1997[2].


Le mot baguette
Les non-francophones qui apprennent le français sont parfois surpris d'apprendre que le terme baguette, utilisé en anglais et en allemand par exemple uniquement pour désigner ce pain, désigne en fait tout objet allongé tel que des baguettes magiques ou des baguettes chinoises utilisées dans la plupart des pays asiatiques où on mange du riz.




วันเสาร์ที่ 13 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2551

ทฤษฏี Big Bang



Big Bang





The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and observation. The essential idea is that the universe has expanded from a primordial hot and dense initial condition at some finite time in the past and continues to expand to this day. Georges Lemaître proposed what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe, although he called it his 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'. The framework for the model relies on Albert Einstein's General Relativity as formulated by Alexander Friedmann. After Edwin Hubble discovered in 1929 that the distances to far away galaxies were generally proportional to their redshifts, this observation was taken to indicate that all very distant galaxies and clusters have an apparent velocity directly away from our vantage point. The farther away, the higher the apparent velocity.[1] If the distance between galaxy clusters is increasing today, everything must have been closer together in the past. This idea has been considered in detail back in time to extreme densities and temperatures, and large particle accelerators have been built to experiment on and test such conditions, resulting in significant confirmation of the theory. But these accelerators can only probe so far into such high energy regimes. Without any evidence associated with the earliest instant of the expansion, the Big Bang theory cannot and does not provide any explanation for such an initial condition, rather explaining the general evolution of the universe since that instant. The observed abundances of the light elements throughout the cosmos closely match the calculated predictions for the formation of these elements from nuclear processes in the rapidly expanding and cooling first minutes of the universe, as logically and quantitatively detailed according to Big Bang nucleosynthesis.

Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the phrase 'Big Bang' during a 1949 radio broadcast, as a derisive reference to a theory he did not subscribe to.[2] Hoyle later helped considerably in the effort to figure out the nuclear pathway for building certain heavier elements from lighter ones. After the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, and especially when its collective frequencies sketched out a blackbody curve, most scientists were fairly convinced by the evidence that some Big Bang scenario must have occurred.




History


Main article: History of the Big Bang theorySee also: Timeline of cosmology and History of astronomy The Big Bang theory developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. In 1912 Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a "spiral nebula" (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. He did not grasp the cosmological implications of this fact, and indeed at the time it was highly controversial whether or not these nebulae were "island universes" outside our Milky Way. Ten years later, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian cosmologist and mathematician, derived the Friedmann equations from Albert Einstein's equations of general relativity, showing that the universe might be expanding in contrast to the static universe model advocated by Einstein. In 1924, Edwin Hubble's measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebulae showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies. Independently deriving Friedmann's equations in 1927, Georges Lemaître, a Belgian physicist and Roman Catholic priest, predicted that the recession of the nebulae was due to the expansion of the universe.





In 1931 Lemaître went further and suggested that the evident expansion in forward time required that the universe contracted backwards in time, and would continue to do so until it could contract no further, bringing all the mass of the universe into a single point, a "primeval atom", at a point in time before which time and space did not exist. As such, at this point, the fabric of time and space had not yet come into existence. This perhaps echoed previous speculations about the cosmic egg origin of the universe.
Starting in 1924, Hubble painstakingly developed a series of distance indicators, the forerunner of the
cosmic distance ladder, using the 100-inch (2,500 mm) Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. This allowed him to estimate distances to galaxies whose redshifts had already been measured, mostly by Slipher. In 1929, Hubble discovered a correlation between distance and recession velocity—now known as Hubble's law. Lemaître had already shown that this was expected, given the Cosmological Principle.




During the 1930s other ideas were proposed as non-standard cosmologies to explain Hubble's observations, including the Milne model, the oscillatory universe (originally suggested by Friedmann, but advocated by Einstein and Richard Tolman)[10] and Fritz Zwicky's tired light hypothesis.



After
World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle's steady state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model, the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. The other was Lemaître's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced big bang nucleosynthesis and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the cosmic microwave background radiation. Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître's theory, referring to it derisively as "this big bang idea" during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor the latter. The discovery and confirmation of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the cosmos. Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding the physics of the universe at earlier and earlier times, and reconciling observations with the basic theory.



Huge strides in Big Bang cosmology have been made since the late 1990s as a result of major advances in telescope technology as well as the analysis of copious data from satellites such as COBE, the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP. Cosmologists now have fairly precise measurement of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating.